Terminology

The key words MUST, MUST NOT, REQUIRED, SHALL, SHALL NOT, SHOULD, SHOULD NOT, RECOMMENDED, MAY, and OPTIONAL, are to be interpreted as described in IETF RFC 2119.

Independent Styles

Independent styles contain formatting instructions for citations, notes and bibliographies. While mostly self-contained, they rely on locale files for (default) localization data.

Dependent Styles

A dependent style is an alias for an independent style. Its contents is limited to style metadata, and doesn't include any formatting instructions (the sole exception is that dependent styles can specify an overriding style locale). By linking dependent styles for journals that share the same citation style (e.g., "Nature Biotechnology", "Nature Nanotechnology", etc.) to a single independent style (e.g., "Nature Journals"), there is no need to duplicate formatting instructions.

Locale Files

Each locale file contains a set of localization data (term translations, localized date formats, and grammar options) for a particular language dialect.

The Root Element - cs:style

The root element of styles is cs:style. In independent styles, the element carries the following attributes:

class

Determines whether the style uses in-text citations (value "in-text") or notes ("note").

default-locale (optional)

Sets a default locale for style localization. Value must be a locale code.

version

The CSL version of the style. Must be "1.0" for CSL 1.0-compatible styles.

In addition, cs:style may carry any of the global options and inheritable name options.

Of these attributes, only version is required on cs:style in dependent styles, while the default-locale attribute may be set to specify an overriding style locale. The other attributes are allowed but ignored.

An example of cs:style for an independent style, preceded by the XML declaration:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<style xmlns="http://purl.org/net/xbiblio/csl" version="1.0" class="in-text" default-locale="fr-FR"/>

Child Elements of cs:style

In independent styles, the cs:style root element has the following child elements:

cs:info

Must appear as the first child element of cs:style. Contains the metadata describing the style (style name, ID, authors, etc.).

cs:citation

Must appear once. Describes the formatting of in-text citations or notes.

cs:bibliography (optional)

May appear once. Describes the formatting of the bibliography.

cs:macro (optional)

May appear multiple times. Macros allow formatting instructions to be reused, keeping styles compact and maintainable.

cs:locale (optional)

May appear multiple times. Used to specify (overriding) localization data.

In dependent styles, cs:style has only one child element, cs:info.

<info>
  <title>Style Title</title>
  <id>http://www.zotero.org/styles/style-title</id>
  <link href="http://www.zotero.org/styles/style-title" rel="self"/>
  <author>
    <name>Author Name</name>
    <email>name@domain.com</email>
    <uri>http://www.domain.com/name</uri>
  </author>
  <category citation-format="author-date"/>
  <category field="zoology"/>
  <updated>2008-10-29T21:01:24+00:00</updated>
  <rights license="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">This work
  is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported
  License</rights>
</info>

<citation>
  <sort>
    <key variable="citation-number"/>
  </sort>
  <layout>
    <text variable="citation-number"/>
  </layout>
</citation>

<bibliography>
  <sort>
    <key macro="author"/>
  </sort>
  <layout>
    <group delimiter=". ">
      <text macro="author"/>
      <text variable="title"/>
    </group>
  </layout>
</bibliography>

<style>
  <macro name="title">
    <choose>
      <if type="book">
        <text variable="title" font-style="italic"/>
      </if>
      <else>
        <text variable="title"/>
      </else>
    </choose>
  </macro>
  <citation>
    <layout>
      <text macro="title"/>
    </layout>
  </citation>
</style>

<style>
  <locale xml:lang="en">
    <terms>
      <term name="editortranslator" form="short">
        <single>ed. &amp; trans.</single>
        <multiple>eds. &amp; trans.</multiple>
      </term>
    </terms>
  </locale>
</style>

Info

The cs:info element may be used to give metadata on the locale file. It has the following child elements:

cs:translator (optional)

cs:translator, used to acknowledge locale translators, may be used multiple times. Within the element, the child element cs:name must appear once, while cs:email and cs:uri each may appear once. These child elements should contain respectively the name, email address and URI of the translator.

cs:rights (optional)

May appear once. The contents of cs:rights specifies the license under which the locale file is released. The element may carry a license attribute to specify the URI of the license, and a xml:lang attribute to specify the language of the element's content (the value must be an xsd:language locale code).

cs:updated (optional)

May appear once. The contents of cs:updated must be a timestamp that shows when the locale file was last updated.

Terms

Terms are localized strings (e.g. by using the "and" term, "Doe and Smith" automatically becomes "Doe und Smith" when the style locale is switched from English to German). Terms are defined with cs:term elements, child elements of cs:terms. Each cs:term element must carry a name attribute, set to one of the terms listed in Appendix II - Terms.

Terms are either directly defined in the content of cs:term, or, in cases where singular and plural variants are needed (e.g. "page" and "pages"), in the content of the child elements cs:single and cs:multiple, respectively.

Terms may be defined for specific forms by using cs:term with the optional form attribute set to:

• "long" - (default), e.g. "editor" and "editors" for the "editor" term
• "short" - e.g. "ed." and "eds." for the term "editor"
• "verb" - e.g. "edited by" for the term "editor"
• "verb-short" - e.g. "ed." for the term "editor"
• "symbol" - e.g. "§" and "§§" for the term "section"

If a style uses a term in a form that is undefined (even after Locale Fallback), there is fallback to other forms: "verb-short" first falls back to "verb", "symbol" first falls back to "short", and "verb" and "short" both fall back to "long". If no locale or form fallback is available, the term is rendered as a empty string.

The match, gender, and gender-form attributes can be used on cs:term for the formatting of number variables rendered as ordinals (e.g. "first", "2nd"). See Ordinal Suffixes and Gender-specific Ordinals below.

Term content should not contain markup such as LaTeX or HTML. Superscripted Unicode characters can be used for superscripting.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<locale xml:lang="fr-FR">
  <terms>
    <term name="edition" gender="feminine">
      <single>édition</single>
      <multiple>éditions</multiple>
    </term>
    <term name="edition" form="short">éd.</term>
    <term name="month-01" gender="masculine">janvier</term>
    <term name="ordinal">e</term>
    <term name="ordinal-01" gender-form="feminine" match="whole-number">re</term>
    <term name="ordinal-01" gender-form="masculine" match="whole-number">er</term>
  </terms>
</locale>

Localized Date Formats

Two localized date formats can be defined with cs:date elements: a "numeric" (e.g. "12-15-2005") and a "text" format (e.g. "December 15, 2005"). The format is set on cs:date with the required form attribute.

A date format is constructed using cs:date-part child elements (see Date-part). With a required name attribute set to either day, month or year, the order of these elements reflects the display order of respectively the day, month, and year. The date can be formatted with formatting and text-case attributes on the cs:date and cs:date-part elements. The delimiter attribute may be set on cs:date to specify the delimiter for the cs:date-part elements, and affixes may be applied to the cs:date-part elements.

Note Affixes are not allowed on cs:date when defining localized date formats. This restriction is in place to separate locale-specific affixes (set on the cs:date-part elements) from any style-specific affixes (set on the calling cs:date element), such as parentheses. An example of a macro calling a localized date format:

<macro name="issued">
 <date variable="issued" form="numeric" prefix="(" suffix=")"/>
</macro>

Localized Options

There are two localized options, limit-day-ordinals-to-day-1 and punctuation-in-quote (see Locale Options). These global options (which affect both citations and the bibliography) are set as optional attributes on cs:style-options.

Layout

The cs:layout rendering element is a required child element of cs:citation and cs:bibliography. It must contain one or more of the other rendering elements described below, and may carry affixes and formatting attributes. When used within cs:citation, the delimiter attribute may be used to specify a delimiter for cites within a citation. For example, a citation like "(1, 2)" can be achieved with:

<citation>
  <layout prefix="(" suffix=")" delimiter=", ">
    <text variable="citation-number"/>
  </layout>
</citation>

Text

The cs:text rendering element outputs text. It must carry one of the following attributes to select what should be rendered:

• variable - renders the text contents of a variable. Attribute value must be one of the standard variables. May be accompanied by the form attribute to select the "long" (default) or "short" form of a variable (e.g. the full or short title). If the "short" form is selected but unavailable, the "long" form is rendered instead.
• macro - renders the text output of a macro. Attribute value must match the value of the name attribute of a cs:macro element (see Macro).
• term - renders a term. Attribute value must be one of the terms listed in Appendix II - Terms. May be accompanied by the plural attribute to select the singular ("false", default) or plural ("true") variant of a term, and by the form attribute to select the "long" (default), "short", "verb", "verb-short" or "symbol" form variant (see also Terms).
• value - renders the attribute value itself.

An example of cs:text rendering the "title" variable:

<text variable="title"/>

cs:text may also carry affixes, display, formatting, quotes, strip-periods and text-case attributes.

Date

The cs:date rendering element outputs the date selected from the list of date variables with the required variable attribute. A date can be rendered in either a localized or non-localized format.

Localized date formats are selected with the optional form attribute, which must set to either "numeric" (for fully numeric formats, e.g. "12-15-2005"), or "text" (for formats with a non-numeric month, e.g. "December 15, 2005"). Localized date formats can be customized in two ways. First, the date-parts attribute may be used to show fewer date parts. The possible values are:

• "year-month-day" - (default), renders the year, month and day
• "year-month" - renders the year and month
• "year" - renders the year

Secondly, cs:date may have one or more cs:date-part child elements (see Date-part). The attributes set on these elements override those specified for the localized date formats (e.g. to get abbreviated months for all locales, the form attribute on the month-cs:date-part element can be set to "short"). These cs:date-part elements do not affect which, or in what order, date parts are rendered. Affixes, which are very locale-specific, are not allowed on these cs:date-part elements.

In the absence of the form attribute, cs:date describes a self-contained non-localized date format. In this case, the date format is constructed using cs:date-part child elements. With a required name attribute set to either day, month or year, the order of these elements reflects the display order of respectively the day, month, and year. The date can be formatted with formatting attributes on the cs:date-part elements, as well as several cs:date-part-specific attributes (see Date-part). The delimiter attribute may be set on cs:date to specify the delimiter for the cs:date-part elements, and affixes may be applied to the cs:date-part elements.

For both localized and non-localized dates, cs:date may carry affixes, display, formatting and text-case attributes.

<style>
  <citation>
    <layout>
      <date variable="issued">
        <date-part name="day" suffix=" " range-delimiter="-"/>
        <date-part name="month" suffix=" "/>
        <date-part name="year" range-delimiter="/"/>
      </date>
    </layout>
  </citation>
</style>

<style>
  <citation>
    <layout>
      <date variable="issued">
        <date-part name="month" suffix=" "/>
        <date-part name="year"/>
      </date>
    </layout>
  </citation>
</style>

<style>
  <citation>
    <layout>
      <choose>
        <if is-uncertain-date="issued">
          <text term="circa" form="short" suffix=" "/>
        </if>
      </choose>
      <date variable="issued">
        <date-part name="year"/>
      </date>
    </layout>
  </citation>
</style>

Number

The cs:number rendering element outputs the number variable selected with the required variable attribute. Number variables are a subset of the list of standard variables.

If a number variable is rendered with cs:number and only contains numeric content (as determined by the rules for is-numeric, see Choose), the number(s) are extracted. Variable content is rendered "as is" when the variable contains any non-numeric content (e.g. "Special edition").

During the extraction, numbers separated by a hyphen are stripped of intervening spaces ("2 - 4" becomes "2-4"). Numbers separated by a comma receive one space after the comma ("2,3" and "2 , 3" become "2, 3"), while numbers separated by an ampersand receive one space before and one after the ampsersand ("2&3" becomes "2 & 3").

Extracted numbers can be formatted via the optional form attribute, with values:

• "numeric" - (default), e.g. "1", "2", "3"
• "ordinal" - e.g. "1st", "2nd", "3rd". Ordinal suffixes are defined with terms (see Ordinal Suffixes).
• "long-ordinal" - e.g. "first", "second", "third". Long ordinals are defined with the terms "long-ordinal-01" to "long-ordinal-10", which are used for the numbers 1 through 10. For other numbers "long-ordinal" falls back to "ordinal".
• "roman" - e.g. "i", "ii", "iii"

Numbers with prefixes or suffixes are never ordinalized or rendered in roman numerals (e.g. "2E" remains "2E). Numbers without affixes are individually transformed ("2, 3" can become "2nd, 3rd", "second, third" or "ii, iii").

cs:number may carry affixes, display, formatting and text-case attributes.

Names

The cs:names rendering element outputs the contents of one or more name variables (selected with the required variable attribute), each of which can contain multiple names (e.g. the "author" variable contains all the author names of the cited item). If multiple variables are selected (separated by single spaces, see example below), each variable is independently rendered in the order specified, with one exception: when the selection consists of "editor" and "translator", and when the contents of these two name variables is identical, then the contents of only one name variable is rendered. In addition, the "editortranslator" term is used if the cs:names element contains a cs:label element, replacing the default "editor" and "translator" terms (e.g. resulting in "Doe (editor & translator)"). The delimiter attribute may be set on cs:names to separate the names of the different name variables (e.g. the semicolon in "Doe, Smith (editors); Johnson (translator)").

<names variable="editor translator" delimiter="; ">
  <label prefix=" (" suffix=")"/>
</names>

cs:names has four child elements (discussed below): cs:name, cs:et-al, cs:substitute and cs:label. The cs:names element may carry affixes, display and formatting attributes.

<names variable="author">
  <name>
    <name-part name="family" text-case="uppercase"/>
  </name>
</names>

<names variable="author">
  <et-al term="and others" font-style="italic"/>
</names>

<macro name="author">
  <names variable="author">
    <substitute>
      <names variable="editor"/>
      <text macro="title"/>
    </substitute>
  </names>
</macro>

Label

The cs:label rendering element outputs the term matching the variable selected with the required variable attribute, which must be set to "locator, "page", or one of the number variables. The term is only rendered if the selected variable is non-empty. For example,

<group delimiter=" ">
  <label variable="page"/>
  <text variable="page"/>
</group>

can result in "page 3" or "pages 5-7". cs:label may carry the following attributes:

form

Selects the form of the term, with allowed values:

• "long" - (default), e.g. "page"/"pages" for the "page" term
• "short" - e.g. "p."/"pp." for the "page" term
• "symbol" - e.g. "§"/"§§" for the "section" term

plural

Sets pluralization of the term, with allowed values:

• "contextual" - (default), the term plurality matches that of the variable content. Content is considered plural when it contains multiple numbers (e.g. "page 1", "pages 1-3", "volume 2", "volumes 2 & 4"), or, in the case of the "number-of-pages" and "number-of-volumes" variables, when the number is higher than 1 ("1 volume" and "3 volumes").
• "always" - always use the plural form, e.g. "pages 1" and "pages 1-3"
• "never" - always use the singular form, e.g. "page 1" and "page 1-3"

cs:label may also carry affixes, formatting, text-case and strip-periods attributes.

Group

The cs:group rendering element must contain one or more rendering elements (with the exception of cs:layout). cs:group may carry the delimiter attribute to separate its child elements, as well as affixes and display attributes (applied to the output of the group as a whole) and formatting attributes (transmitted to the enclosed elements). cs:group implicitly acts as a conditional: cs:group and its child elements are suppressed if a) at least one rendering element in cs:group calls a variable (either directly or via a macro), and b) all variables that are called are empty. This accommodates descriptive cs:text elements. For example,

<layout>
  <group delimiter=" ">
    <text term="retrieved"/>
    <text term="from"/>
    <text variable="URL"/>
  </group>
</layout>

can result in "retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02591-07", but doesn't generate output when the "URL" variable is empty.

Choose

The cs:choose rendering element allows for conditional rendering of rendering elements. An example that renders the "issued" date variable when it exists, and the "no date" term when it doesn't:

<choose>
  <if variable="issued">
    <date variable="issued" form="numeric"/>
  </if>
  <else>
    <text term="no date"/>
  </else>
</choose>

cs:choose requires a cs:if child element, which may be followed by one or more cs:else-if child elements, and an optional closing cs:else child element. The cs:if and cs:else-if elements may contain any number of rendering elements (except for cs:layout). As an empty cs:else element would be superfluous, cs:else must contain at least one rendering element. cs:if and cs:else-if elements must carry one or more conditions, which are set with the attributes:

disambiguate

When set to "true" (the only allowed value), the element content is only rendered if it disambiguates two otherwise identical citations. This attempt at disambiguation is only made when all other disambiguation methods have failed to uniquely identify the target source.

is-numeric

Tests whether the given variables (Appendix IV - Variables) contain numeric content. Content is considered numeric if it solely consists of numbers. Numbers may have prefixes and suffixes ("D2", "2b", "L2d"), and may be separated by a comma, hyphen, or ampersand, with or without spaces ("2, 3", "2-4", "2 & 4"). For example, "2nd" tests "true" whereas "second" and "2nd edition" test "false".

is-uncertain-date

Tests whether the given date variables contain approximate dates.

locator

Tests whether the locator matches the given locator types (see Locators). Use "sub-verbo" to test for the "sub verbo" locator type.

position

Tests whether the cite position matches the given positions (terminology: citations consist of one or more cites to individual items). When called within the scope of cs:bibliography, position tests "false". The positions that can be tested are:

• "first": position of cites that are the first to reference an item

• "ibid"/"ibid-with-locator"/"subsequent": cites referencing previously cited items have the "subsequent" position. Such cites may also have the "ibid" or "ibid-with-locator" position when:

  1. the current cite immediately follows on another cite, within the same citation, that references the same item

  or

  2. the current cite is the first cite in the citation, and the previous citation consists of a single cite referencing the same item

  If either requirement is met, the presence of locators determines which position is assigned:

  • Preceding cite does not have a locator: if the current cite has a locator, the position of the current cite is "ibid-with-locator". Otherwise the position is "ibid".
  • Preceding cite does have a locator: if the current cite has the same locator, the position of the current cite is "ibid". If the locator differs the position is "ibid-with-locator". If the current cite lacks a locator its only position is "subsequent".

• "near-note": position of a cite following another cite referencing the same item. Both cites have to be located in foot or endnotes, and the distance between both cites may not exceed the maximum distance (measured in number of foot or endnotes) set with the near-note-distance option (see Note Distance).

Whenever position="ibid-with-locator" tests true, position="ibid" also tests true. And whenever position="ibid" or position="near-note" test true, position="subsequent" also tests true.

type

Tests whether the item matches the given types (Appendix III - Types).

variable

Tests whether the default (long) forms of the given variables (Appendix IV - Variables) contain non-empty values.

With the exception of disambiguate, all conditions allow for multiple test values (separated with spaces, e.g. "book thesis").

The cs:if and cs:else-if elements may carry the match attribute to control the testing logic, with allowed values:

• "all" - (default), element only tests "true" when all conditions test "true" for all given test values
• "any" - element tests "true" when any condition tests "true" for any given test value
• "none" - element only tests "true" when none of the conditions test "true" for any given test value

Options

Styles may be configured with citation-specific options, set as attributes on set on cs:citation, bibliography-specific options, set on cs:bibliography, and global options (these affect both citations and the bibliography), set on cs:style. Inheritable name options may be set on cs:style, cs:citation and cs:bibliography. Finally, locale options may be set on cs:locale elements.

Sorting

cs:citation and cs:bibliography may include a cs:sort child element before the cs:layout element to specify the sorting order of respectively cites within citations, and bibliographic entries within the bibliography. In the absence of cs:sort, cites and bibliographic entries appear in the order in which they are cited.

The cs:sort element must contain one or more cs:key child elements. The sort key, set as an attribute on cs:key, must be a variable (see Appendix IV - Variables) or macro name. For each cs:key element, the sort direction can be set to either "ascending" (default) or "descending" with the sort attribute. The attributes names-min, names-use-first, and names-use-last may be used to override the values of the corresponding et-al-min/et-al-subsequent-min, et-al-use-first/et-al-subsequent-use-first and et-al-use-last attributes, and affect all names generated via macros called by cs:key.

Sort keys are evaluated in sequence. A primary sort is performed on all items using the first sort key. A secondary sort, using the second sort key, is applied to items sharing the first sort key value. A tertiary sort, using the third sort key, is applied to items sharing the first and second sort key values. Sorting continues until either the order of all items is fixed, or until the sort keys are exhausted. Items with an empty sort key value are placed at the end of the sort, both for ascending and descending sorts.

An example, where cites are first sorted by the output of the "author" macro, with overriding settings for et-al abbreviation. Cites sharing the primary sort key are subsequently sorted in descending order by the "issued" date variable.

<citation>
  <sort>
    <key macro="author" names-min="3" names-use-first="3"/>
    <key variable="issued" sort="descending"/>
  </sort>
  <layout>
    <!-- rendering elements -->
  </layout>
</citation>

The sort key value of a variable or macro can differ from the "normal" rendered output. The specifics of sorting variables and macros:

Range Delimiters

Collapsed ranges for the "citation-number" and "year-suffix" variables are delimited by an en-dash (e.g. "(1–3, 5)" and "(Doe 2000a–c,e)").

The "locator" variable is always rendered with an en-dash replacing any hyphens. For the "page" variable, this replacement is only performed if the page-range-format attribute is set on cs:style (see Page Ranges).

Formatting

The following formatting attributes may be set on cs:date, cs:date-part, cs:et-al, cs:group, cs:label, cs:layout, cs:name, cs:name-part, cs:names, cs:number and cs:text:

font-style

Sets the font style, with values:

• "normal" (default)
• "italic"
• "oblique" (i.e. slanted)

font-variant

Allows for the use of small capitals, with values:

• "normal" (default)
• "small-caps"

font-weight

Sets the font weight, with values:

• "normal" (default)
• "bold"
• "light"

text-decoration

Allows for the use of underlining, with values:

• "none" (default)
• "underline"

vertical-align

Sets the vertical alignment, with values:

• "baseline" (default)
• "sup" (superscript)
• "sup" (subscript)

Affixes

The affixes attributes prefix and suffix may be set on cs:date (except when cs:date defines a localized date format), cs:date-part (except when the parent cs:date element calls a localized date format), cs:group, cs:label, cs:layout, cs:name, cs:name-part, cs:names, cs:number and cs:text. The attribute value is either added before (prefix) or after (suffix) the output of the element carrying the attribute, but affixes are only rendered if the element produces output. With the exception of affixes set on cs:layout, affixes are outside the scope of formatting, quotes, strip-periods and text-case attributes set on the same element (as a workaround, these attributes take effect on affixes when set on a parent cs:group element).

Delimiter

The delimiter attribute, whose value delimits non-empty pieces of output, may be set on cs:date (delimiting the date-parts; delimiter is not allowed when cs:date calls a localized date format), cs:names (delimiting name lists from different name variables), cs:name (delimiting names within name lists), cs:group and cs:layout (delimiting the output of the child elements).

Display

The display attribute (similar the "display" property in CSS) may be used to structure individual bibliographic entries into one or more text blocks. If used, all rendering elements should be under the control of a display attribute. The allowed values:

• "block" - block stretching from margin to margin.
• "left-margin" - block starting at the left margin. If followed by a "right-inline" block, the "left-margin" blocks of all bibliographic entries are set to a fixed width to accommodate the longest content string found among these "left-margin" blocks. In the absence of a "right-inline" block the "left-margin" block extends to the right margin.
• "right-inline" - block starting to the right of a preceding "left-margin" block (behaves as "block" in the absence of such a "left-margin" block). Extends to the right margin.
• "indent" - block indented to the right by a standard amount. Extends to the right margin.

Examples

1. Instead of using second-field-align (see Whitespace), a similar layout can be achieved with a "left-margin" and "right-inline" block. A potential benefit is that the styling of blocks can be further controlled in the final output (e.g. using CSS for HTML, styles for Word, etc.).

   <bibliography>
     <layout>
       <text display="left-margin" variable="citation-number"
           prefix="[" suffix="]"/>
       <group display="right-inline">
         <!-- rendering elements -->
       </group>
     </layout>
   </bibliography>
   

2. A per-author publication listing. With subsequent-author-substitute (see Reference Grouping) set to an empty string , the block with the author names is only rendered once for items by the same authors.

   <bibliography subsequent-author-substitute="">
     <sort>
       <key variable="author"/>
       <key variable="issued"/>
     </sort>
     <layout>
       <group display="block">
         <names variable="author"/>
       </group>
       <group display="left-margin">
         <date variable="issued">
           <date-part name="year" />
         </date>
       </group>
       <group display="right-inline">
         <text variable="title"/>
       </group>
     </layout>
   </bibliography>
   

   The output of this example would look like:

   Author1
   year-publication1	title-publication1
   year-publication2	title-publication2
   Author2
   year-publication3	title-publication3
   year-publication4	title-publication4

3. An annotated bibliography, where the annotation appears in an indented block below the reference.

   <bibliography>
     <layout>
       <group display="block">
         <!-- rendering elements -->
       </group>
       <text display="indent" variable="abstract" />
     </layout>
   </bibliography>
   

Quotes

The quotes attribute may set on cs:text. When set to "true" ("false" is default), the rendered text is wrapped in quotes (the quotation marks used are terms). The localized punctuation-in-quote option controls whether an adjoining comma or period appears outside (default) or inside the closing quotation mark (see Locale Options).

Strip-periods

The strip-periods attribute may be set on cs:date-part (but only if name is set to "month"), cs:label and cs:text. When set to "true" ("false" is the default), any periods in the rendered text are removed.

Text-case

The text-case attribute may be set on cs:date, cs:date-part, cs:label, cs:name-part, cs:number and cs:text. The allowed values:

• "lowercase": renders text in lowercase
• "uppercase": renders text in uppercase
• "capitalize-first": capitalizes the first character of the first word, if the word is lowercase
• "capitalize-all": capitalizes the first character of every lowercase word
• "sentence": renders text in sentence case
• "title": renders text in title case

Locators

• book
• chapter
• column
• figure
• folio
• issue
• line
• note
• opus
• page
• paragraph
• part
• section
• sub verbo
• verse
• volume

Months

• month-01
• month-02
• month-03
• month-04
• month-05
• month-06
• month-07
• month-08
• month-09
• month-10
• month-11
• month-12

Ordinals

• ordinal
• ordinal-00 through ordinal-99
• long-ordinal-01
• long-ordinal-02
• long-ordinal-03
• long-ordinal-04
• long-ordinal-05
• long-ordinal-06
• long-ordinal-07
• long-ordinal-08
• long-ordinal-09
• long-ordinal-10

Quotation marks

• open-quote
• close-quote
• open-inner-quote
• close-inner-quote

Roles

• author
• collection-editor
• composer
• container-author
• director
• editor
• editorial-director
• editortranslator
• illustrator
• interviewer
• original-author
• recipient
• reviewed-author
• translator

Seasons

• season-01
• season-02
• season-03
• season-04

Miscellaneous

• accessed
• ad
• and
• and others
• anonymous
• at
• available at
• bc
• by
• circa
• cited
• edition
• et-al
• forthcoming
• from
• ibid
• in
• in press
• internet
• interview
• letter
• no date
• online
• presented at
• reference
• retrieved
• scale
• version

Standard Variables

abstract

abstract of the item (e.g. the abstract of a journal article)

annote

reader's notes about the item content

archive

archive storing the item

archive_location

storage location within an archive (e.g. a box and folder number)

archive-place

geographic location of the archive

authority

issuing or judicial authority (e.g. "USPTO" for a patent, "Fairfax Circuit Court" for a legal case)

call-number

call number (to locate the item in a library)

citation-label

label identifying the item in in-text citations of label styles (e.g. "Ferr78"). May be assigned by the CSL processor based on item metadata.

citation-number

index (starting at 1) of the cited reference in the bibliography (generated by the CSL processor)

collection-title

title of the collection holding the item (e.g. the series title for a book)

container-title

title of the container holding the item (e.g. the book title for a book chapter, the journal title for a journal article)

container-title-short

short/abbreviated form of "container-title" (also accessible through the "short" form of the "container-title" variable)

dimensions

physical (e.g. size) or temporal (e.g. running time) dimensions of the item

DOI

Digital Object Identifier (e.g. "10.1128/AEM.02591-07")

event

name of the related event (e.g. the conference name when citing a conference paper)

event-place

geographic location of the related event (e.g. "Amsterdam, the Netherlands")

first-reference-note-number

number of a preceding note containing the first reference to the item. Assigned by the CSL processor. The variable holds no value for non-note-based styles, or when the item hasn't been cited in any preceding notes.

genre

class, type or genre of the item (e.g. "adventure" for an adventure movie, "PhD dissertation" for a PhD thesis)

ISBN

International Standard Book Number

ISSN

International Standard Serial Number

jurisdiction

geographic scope of relevance (e.g. "US" for a US patent)

keyword

keyword(s) or tag(s) attached to the item

locator

a cite-specific pinpointer within the item (e.g. a page number within a book, or a volume in a multi-volume work). Must be accompanied in the input data by a label indicating the locator type (see the Locators term list), which determines which term is rendered by cs:label when the "locator" variable is selected.

medium

medium description (e.g. "CD", "DVD", etc.)

note

(short) inline note giving additional item details (e.g. a concise summary or commentary)

original-publisher

original publisher, for items that have been republished by a different publisher

original-publisher-place

geographic location of the original publisher (e.g. "London, UK")

original-title

title of the original version (e.g. "Война и мир", the untranslated Russian title of "War and Peace")

page

range of pages the item (e.g. a journal article) covers in a container (e.g. a journal issue)

page-first

first page of the range of pages the item (e.g. a journal article) covers in a container (e.g. a journal issue)

PMCID

PubMed Central reference number

PMID

PubMed reference number

publisher

publisher

publisher-place

geographic location of the publisher

references

resources related to the procedural history of a legal case

reviewed-title

title of the item reviewed by the current item

scale

scale of e.g. a map

section

container section holding the item (e.g. "politics" for a newspaper article)

source

from whence the item originates (e.g. a library catalog or database)

status

(publication) status of the item (e.g. "forthcoming")

title

primary title of the item

title-short

short/abbreviated form of "title" (also accessible through the "short" form of the "title" variable)

URL

Uniform Resource Locator (e.g. "http://aem.asm.org/cgi/content/full/74/9/2766")

version

version of the item (e.g. "2.0.9" for a software program)

year-suffix

disambiguating year suffix in author-date styles (e.g. "a" in "Doe, 1999a")

Date Variables

accessed

date the item has been accessed

container

?

event-date

date the related event took place

issued

date the item was issued/published

original-date

(issue) date of the original version

submitted

date the item (e.g. a manuscript) has been submitted for publication

Name Variables

author

author

collection-editor

editor of the collection holding the item (e.g. the series editor for a book)

composer

composer (e.g. of a musical score)

container-author

author of the container holding the item (e.g. the book author for a book chapter)

director

director (e.g. of a film)

editor

editor

editorial-director

managing editor ("Directeur de la Publication" in French)

illustrator

illustrator (e.g. of a children's book)

interviewer

interviewer (e.g. of an interview)

original-author

?

recipient

recipient (e.g. of a letter)

reviewed-author

author of the item reviewed by the current item

translator

translator